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The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.
Between 1944 and 1971, pump systems drew as much as 75,000 US gallons per minute (4,700 L/s) of cooling water from the Columbia River to dissipate the heat produced by the reactors. Before its release into the river, the used water was held in large tanks known as retention basins for up to six hours.
Uranium fuel was placed in aluminium canisters and pushed into the channels in the front, pushing previous fuel canisters through the channel and out the back of the reactor where they fell into a pool of water. The system was designed to work at low temperatures and power levels and was air-cooled with the help of large fans. [2] [3]
MOX fuel is an alternative to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel used in the light water reactors which predominate nuclear power generation. Some concern has been expressed that used MOX cores will introduce new disposal challenges, though MOX is a means to dispose of surplus plutonium by transmutation .
A sample of thorium. Thorium-based nuclear power generation is fueled primarily by the nuclear fission of the isotope uranium-233 produced from the fertile element thorium.A thorium fuel cycle can offer several potential advantages over a uranium fuel cycle [Note 1] —including the much greater abundance of thorium found on Earth, superior physical and nuclear fuel properties, and reduced ...
The floating panel can turn contaminated water or polluted seawater into both drinking water and clean, hydrogen fuel. The device works off-grid so could prove useful in places with limited resources.
Fuel stock used within the reactor is enriched uranium dioxide pellets containing gadolinium, contained in fuel rods. [2] Koeberg is rated at 1,860 MW, its average annual production is 13,668 GWh and it has two turbine generators.&. [3] [4] Each reactor delivers 970 MW (gross) and is capable of delivering 930 MW (net) to the grid. [5]
For instance, the use of MOX fuel (239 Pu in a 238 U matrix) is likely to lead to the production of more 241 Am and heavier nuclides than a uranium/thorium based fuel (233 U in a 232 Th matrix). For highly enriched fuels used in marine reactors and research reactors , the isotope inventory will vary based on in-core fuel management and reactor ...