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The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period, and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on ...
Memorandum circulars (Filipino: Memorandum sirkular), [2] according to Book III, Title I, Chapter II, Section 6 of Administrative Code of 1987, refer to the "Acts of the President on matters relating to internal administration, which the President desires to bring to the attention of all or some of the departments, agencies, bureaus or offices of the Government, for information or compliance." [7]
The government of the Philippines (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas) has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform ...
Before the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, the Philippines was split into numerous barangays, small states that were linked through region-wide trade networks. [1]: 26–27 The name "barangay" is thought to come from the word balangay, which refers to boats used by the Austronesian people to reach the Philippines. [2]
The sovereignty of the Philippines today rests with the independent Republic of the Philippines, established in 1946 after centuries of colonial rule under the Spanish Empire, the United States and briefly the Empire of Japan, and the repression of earlier kingdoms and insurgencies.
The Philippines currently celebrates its Independence Day on June 12, the anniversary of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration of independence from Spain in 1898. The declaration was not recognised by the United States which, after defeating the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay in May that year, acquired the Philippine Islands via the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish–American War.
The Short Course on Philippine Society and Revolution, a primer summarizing the core principles in PSR, breaks down the concepts into four parts: The Philippines is rich but the Filipino people are poor; The history of the Filipino people is the history of class struggle between the minority ruling class and the majority exploited class
The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic (1965–1972), the Philippines under martial law (1972–1981), and the majority of the Fourth Republic (1981–1986). By the end of the Marcos dictatorial era, the country was experiencing a debt crisis, extreme poverty, and severe underemployment. [2] [3]