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Curve fitting [1] [2] is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, [3] possibly subject to constraints. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Curve fitting can involve either interpolation , [ 6 ] [ 7 ] where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] in which a "smooth ...
With respect to the AB ray, the AD ray is called the opposite ray. Thus, we would say that two different points, A and B, define a line and a decomposition of this line into the disjoint union of an open segment (A, B) and two rays, BC and AD (the point D is not drawn in the diagram, but is to the left of A on the line AB). These are not ...
Shape descriptors can be classified by their invariance with respect to the transformations allowed in the associated shape definition. Many descriptors are invariant with respect to congruency, meaning that congruent shapes (shapes that could be translated, rotated and mirrored) will have the same descriptor (for example moment or spherical harmonic based descriptors or Procrustes analysis ...
The first two are very similar, while the last, with one degree of freedom, has "heavier tails" meaning that the values farther away from the mean occur relatively more often (i.e. the kurtosis is higher). The Cauchy distribution is also symmetric. Skew distributions to the right. Skewness to left and right
The vertices of the arrangement are isolated points belonging to two or more lines, where those lines cross each other. [1] The boundary of a cell is the system of edges that touch it, and the boundary of an edge is the set of vertices that touch it (one vertex for a ray and two for a line segment).
When discussing ray tracing this definition is often reversed: a "paraxial ray" is then a ray that is modeled using the paraxial approximation, not necessarily a ray that remains close to the axis. [11] [12] A finite ray or real ray is a ray that is traced without making the paraxial approximation. [12] [13]
The shape of a distribution will fall somewhere in a continuum where a flat distribution might be considered central and where types of departure from this include: mounded (or unimodal), U-shaped, J-shaped, reverse-J shaped and multi-modal. [1] A bimodal distribution would have two high points rather than one. The shape of a distribution is ...
Comet plot : A two- or three-dimensional animated plot in which the data points are traced on the screen. Contour plot : A two-dimensional plot which shows the one-dimensional curves, called contour lines on which the plotted quantity q is a constant. Optionally, the plotted values can be color-coded.