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The negativity bias, [1] also known as the negativity effect, is a cognitive bias that, even when positive or neutral things of equal intensity occur, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than neutral or positive things.
When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people. [93] Declinism: The predisposition to view the past favorably (rosy retrospection) and future negatively. [94] End-of-history illusion: The age-independent belief that one will change less in the future than one has in ...
Alicke and Govorun proposed the idea that, rather than individuals consciously reviewing and thinking about their own abilities, behaviors and characteristics and comparing them to those of others, it is likely that people instead have what they describe as an "automatic tendency to assimilate positively-evaluated social objects toward ideal trait conceptions". [6]
Negative belief is maintained despite contradiction by everyday experiences. Disqualifying the positive may be the most common fallacy in the cognitive distortion range; it is often analyzed with "always being right", a type of distortion where a person is in an all-or-nothing self-judgment. People in this situation show signs of depression.
For example, participants who received negative feedback on a laboratory task were more likely to attribute their task performance to external, rather than internal, factors. The self-serving bias seems to function as an ego-protection mechanism, helping people to better cope with personal failures.
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Attributing negative intentions to the offender. [6] Believing that other people are generally more fortunate. [9] Gaining relief from feeling pity for oneself or receiving sympathy from others. [9] It has been typically characterized by attitudes of pessimism, self-pity, and repressed anger. [10] People with victim mentality may also:
Magical thinking – Belief in the connection of unrelated events; Prejudice – Attitudes based on preconceived categories; Presumption of guilt – Presumption that a person is guilty of a crime; Rationality – Quality of being agreeable to reason; Systemic bias – Inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes