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Functional somatic syndrome (FSS) is any of a group of chronic diagnoses with no identifiable organic cause.This term was coined by Hemanth Samkumar. [citation needed] It encompasses disorders such as fibromyalgia, chronic widespread pain, temporomandibular disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, [1] lower back pain, tension headache, atypical face pain, non-cardiac chest pain, insomnia ...
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
People with fibromyalgia can also experience insomnia [10] and general hypersensitivity. [11] [12] The causes of fibromyalgia are unknown, with several pathophysiologies proposed. Fibromyalgia was first defined in 1990, with updated criteria in 2011, [4] 2016, [9] and 2019. [12] Fibromyalgia is estimated to affect 2 to 4% of the population. [13]
Wolff's law, developed by the German anatomist and surgeon Julius Wolff (1836–1902) in the 19th century, states that bone in a healthy animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed. [1] If loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that sort of loading.
For example, the body regenerates a full bone within ten years, while non-injured skin tissue is regenerated within two weeks. [2] With injured tissue, the body usually has a different response. This emergency response usually involves building a degree of scar tissue over a time period longer than a regenerative response, as has been proven ...
Hypermobility, also known as double-jointedness, describes joints that stretch farther than normal. [2] For example, some hypermobile people can bend their thumbs backwards to their wrists and bend their knee joints backwards, put their leg behind the head or perform other contortionist "tricks". It can affect one or more joints throughout the ...
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. [1] Professor Marshall Urist and Professor Hari Reddi discovered their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body.
Osteomyelitis can also occur following surgical fixation of a fracture. [8] Non-union: no progression of healing within six months of a fracture occurring. The fracture pieces remain separated and can be caused by infection and/or lack of blood supply (Ischaemia) to the bone. [9] There are two types of non-union, atrophic and hypertrophic.
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