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Personality traits are patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that reflect the tendency to respond in certain ways under certain circumstances. [1] Personality is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and associated with mental health. [2] Beside the environment factor, genetic variants can be detected for personality traits.
Heredity (nature) versus environment (nurture) – Personality is thought to be determined largely either by genetics and biology, or by environment and experiences. Contemporary research suggests that most personality traits are based on the joint influence of genetics and environment.
It has been shown that personality traits are more malleable by environmental influences than researchers originally believed. [11] [21] Personality differences predict the occurrence of life experiences. [21] One study has shown how the home environment, specifically the types of parents a person has, can affect and shape their personality.
In many cases, it has been found that genes make a substantial contribution, including psychological traits such as intelligence and personality. [35] Yet heritability may differ in other circumstances, for instance environmental deprivation. Examples of low, medium, and high heritability traits include:
The figure provides an example from personality research, where twin and adoption studies converge on the conclusion of zero to small influences of shared environment on broad personality traits measured by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire including positive emotionality, negative emotionality, and constraint.
Personality research often uses twin studies to determine how much heritable and environmental factors contribute to the Big Five personality traits. A 1996 behavioural genetics study of twins suggested that heritability (the degree of variation in a trait within a population that is due to genetic variation in that population) and ...
As a result, scientists emphasize using several different measures of personality, [16] [17] rather than solely self-reported measures of personality. For example, another measure of personality traits is observation of behavior. Both humans and animals have been observed to measure personality traits, but animals are particularly useful for ...
Whichever environment is cognitively salient at the time of the personality measurement will influence the respondent's ratings on a trait measure. [23] If, for example, the person is thinking in terms of their student identity, then the personality ratings he reports will most likely reflect the profile he espouses in the context of student life.
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