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In 1988, the Israeli botanist Daniel Zohary and the German botanist Maria Hopf formulated their founder crops hypothesis. They proposed that eight plant species were domesticated by early Neolithic farming communities in Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent) and went on to form the basis of agricultural economies across much of Eurasia, including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North ...
The term 'neolithic revolution' was invented by V. Gordon Childe in his book Man Makes Himself (1936). [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Childe introduced it as the first in a series of agricultural revolutions in Middle Eastern history, [ 20 ] calling it a "revolution" to denote its significance, the degree of change to communities adopting and refining ...
The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia, and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East, North Africa, India ...
These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on Pre-Pottery Neolithic B sites in the Levant, although wheat was the first to be grown and harvested on a significant scale. [citation needed] [dubious – discuss] At around the same time (9400 BC), parthenocarpic fig trees were domesticated. [42] [43]
All of these human achievements of the Neolithic were in place well before we encounter anything like a state in Mesopotamia." [6] Scott then gives his definition of a state, emphasizing the indicators "that point to territoriality and a specialized state apparatus: walls, tax collection, and officials." [7] The Sumerian city of Uruk offers an ...
The oldest evidence for Indian agriculture is in north-west Indian subcontinent dates from the Neolithic c. 8000-6000 BCE, with traces of the cultivation of plants and domestication of crops and animals. [2] India was the largest producer of wheat and grain. Then settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for ...
6800 BC – Rice domesticated in southeast Asia. 6500 BC – Evidence of cattle domestication in Turkey. [2] Some sources say this happened earlier in other parts of the world. 6001 BC – Archaeological evidence from various sites on the Iberian Peninsula suggest the domestication of plants and animals.
Ruins of the Tell es-Sultan site, Jericho. Little is known about the beginnings of agriculture in the Near Eastern Neolithic before the 1950s, when three major excavations identified and dated sites such as Jericho (Tell es-Sultan in the West Bank), excavated by Kathleen Kenyon, Beidha (), excavated by Diana Kirkbride, and Jarmo (northern Iraq), excavated by Robert John Braidwood.