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Reaction of toluene to produce benzene and xylene. Transalkylation, as used by the petrochemical industry, is often used to convert toluene into benzene and xylenes. This is achieved through a disproportionation reaction of toluene in which one toluene molecule transfers its methyl group to another one. The reaction is not selective, and the ...
In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho – (or o –), meta – (or m –), and para – (or p –) as indicated in the adjacent diagram.
Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l,-ɔː l,-oʊ l /), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [15] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3, often abbreviated as PhCH 3, where Ph stands for the phenyl group. It is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with the odor associated with paint thinners.
Toluene (or methylbenzene) is a common chemical found in chemistry laboratories. An alkylbenzene is a chemical compound that contains a monocyclic aromatic ring attaching to one or more saturated hydrocarbon chains. [1] Alkylbenzenes are derivatives of benzene, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another functional group. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH 2, respectively. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C 6 H 5 –C 6 H 5.
It undergoes the reactions typical for nitrobenzene derivatives, e.g. hydrogenation gives p-toluidine. Oxidation of the methyl substituent of 4-nitrotoluene has been extensively investigated. Depending on the conditions, oxidation yields 4-nitrobenzaldehyde diacetate, [ 6 ] 4-nitrobenzenoic acid, [ 7 ] and 4,4'-dinitrobibenzyl. [ 8 ]
An electrosynthesis employing alternating current gives phenol from benzene. [27] The oxidation of toluene, as developed by Dow Chemical, involves copper-catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air: C 6 H 5 CH 3 + 2 O 2 → C 6 H 5 OH + CO 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is proposed to proceed via formation of benzyoylsalicylate. [8]
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