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Like all other welding methods this process utilizes heat, time, and pressure to create a weld joint. Heat is generated from friction between the two parts when rotating and subjected to a load normal to the weld joint. This frictional heat causes the plastic to melt and a bond to be created. [1]
Radiography uses an X-ray tube or radioactive source to give an image of the weld. Its use is similar to metal welds and provides a volumetric inspection which can show defects in the weld not visible from the surface. For plastics, a lower radiation intensity is typically required than that for metal welds, due to the lower material density. [1]
With hot wedge welding, the speed of travel is an added parameter as the wedge unit is self-propelled by the rollers. The typical temperature range when welding high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is 220 to 400 °C (428 to 752 °F); the travel speed is typically 0.7 to 4 metres per second (2.3 to 13.1 ft/s). [5]
Hot gas welding, also known as hot air welding, is a plastic welding technique using heat. A specially designed heat gun, called a hot air welder, produces a jet of hot air that softens both the parts to be joined and a plastic filler rod, all of which must be of the same or a very similar plastic. (Welding PVC to acrylic is an exception to ...
Friction welding (FWR) is a solid-state welding and bonding process that generates heat through mechanical friction between workpieces in relative motion to one another. The process is used with the addition of a lateral force called "upset" to plastically displace and fuse the materials. [1]
Radio-frequency welding, also known as dielectric welding and high-frequency welding, is a plastic welding process that utilizes high-frequency electric fields to induce heating and melting of thermoplastic base materials. [1] The electric field is applied by a pair of electrodes after the parts being joined are clamped together.
Ultrasonic welding of thin metallic foils. The sonotrode is rotated along the weld seam.. Ultrasonic welding is an industrial process whereby high-frequency ultrasonic acoustic vibrations are locally applied to work pieces being held together under pressure to create a solid-state weld.
Electrofusion welding is a form of resistive implant welding used to join pipes. A fitting with implanted metal coils is placed around two ends of pipes to be joined, and current is passed through the coils. Resistive heating of the coils melts small amounts of the pipe and fitting, and upon solidification, a joint is formed.