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Also during the 16th century were John Bull (1562–1628), best-known organist of the Elizabethan era, and John Dowland (1563–1626), leading composer of lute music. John Dowland published his first book of songs or "ayres" in 1597.
In the heyday of the music box, some variations were as tall as a grandfather clock and all used interchangeable large disks to play different sets of tunes. These were spring-wound and driven and both had a bell-like sound. The machines were often made in England, Italy, and the US, with additional disks made in Switzerland, Austria, and Prussia.
The above tables exclude Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus (composed c. 1589, revised c. 1593), which is not closely based on Roman history or legend but which, it has been suggested, may have been written in reply to Marlowe's Dido, Queene of Carthage, Marlowe's play presenting an idealised picture of Rome's origins, Shakespeare's "a terrible ...
– Anastasia, Herdon, Virginia, 15 The role of Desdemona, the devoted, loving wife murdered by her husband in “Othello,” wasn’t performed by a woman until 1660 – about six decades after ...
Boys from wealthy families were taught at home by a private tutor. When Henry VIII shut the monasteries he closed their schools. He refounded many former monastic schools—they are known as "King's schools" and are found all over England. During the reign of Edward VI many free grammar schools were set up to take in non-fee paying students.
~1600: William Shakespeare refers to ship biscuits in As You Like It, more resembling modern crackers. [69] 1605: References to puff pastry, made by placing butter between sheets of rolled dough. [69] 1605: References to rolled wafers. [69] 1606: Goldwasser, a gold-infused liqueur and progenitor of Goldschläger, first created in Poland.
In the early 20th century Elizabethan music began to be used as incidental music in a bid for more authenticity. Gradually some new scores were introduced. Vaughan Williams was engaged to write incidental music at Stratford between 1912 and 1913. Rosabel Watson directed and arranged music for many productions at Stratford and elsewhere. [3]
The four tragedies considered to be Shakespeare's greatest (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth) were composed during this period. Comedies were common, too. A subgenre developed in this period was the city comedy, which deals satirically with life in London after the fashion of Roman New Comedy.