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Phosducin-transducin beta-gamma complex. Beta and gamma subunits of G-protein are shown by blue and red, respectively. Guanosine diphosphate Guanosine triphosphate. G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior.
Early Earth also known as proto-earth is loosely defined as encompassing Earth in its first one billion years, or gigayear (Ga, 10 9 y), [1] from its initial formation in the young Solar System at about 4.55 Ga to some time in the Archean eon in approximately 3.5 Ga. [2] On the geologic time scale, this comprises all of the Hadean eon, starting ...
A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver.Hepatocytes make up 80% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: Protein synthesis; Protein storage
In biology, game theory has been used as a model to understand many different phenomena. It was first used to explain the evolution (and stability) of the approximate 1:1 sex ratios . ( Fisher 1930 ) suggested that the 1:1 sex ratios are a result of evolutionary forces acting on individuals who could be seen as trying to maximize their number ...
The R-Smads consist of Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5 and Smad8/9, [3] and are involved in direct signaling from the TGF-B receptor. [4]Smad4 is the only known human Co-Smad, and has the role of partnering with R-Smads to recruit co-regulators to the complex.
Gap junctions are membrane channels between adjacent cells that allow the direct exchange of cytoplasmic substances. [1] Substances exchanged include small molecules, substrates, and metabolites.
It was long assumed that the midbody was simply a structural part of cytokinesis, and was totally degraded with the completion of mitosis. However, it is now understood that post-abscission, the midbody is converted into an endosome-like signalling molecule, and can be internalised by nearby cells.
A runaway greenhouse effect will occur when a planet's atmosphere contains greenhouse gas in an amount sufficient to block thermal radiation from leaving the planet, preventing the planet from cooling and from having liquid water on its surface.