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A modular function is a function that is invariant with respect to the modular group, but without the condition that it be holomorphic in the upper half-plane (among other requirements). Instead, modular functions are meromorphic: they are holomorphic on the complement of a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function.
Two points in the upper half-plane give isomorphic elliptic curves if and only if they are related by a transformation in the modular group. Thus, the quotient of the upper half-plane by the action of the modular group is the so-called moduli space of elliptic curves: a space whose points describe isomorphism classes of elliptic curves. This is ...
The modular group SL(2, Z) acts on the upper half-plane by fractional linear transformations.The analytic definition of a modular curve involves a choice of a congruence subgroup Γ of SL(2, Z), i.e. a subgroup containing the principal congruence subgroup of level N for some positive integer N, which is defined to be
It contains the modular group PSL(2, Z). Also closely related is the 2-fold covering group, Mp(2, R), a metaplectic group (thinking of SL(2, R) as a symplectic group). Another related group is SL ± (2, R), the group of real 2 × 2 matrices with determinant ±1; this is more commonly used in the context of the modular group, however.
Finding a representation of the cyclic group of two elements over F 2 is equivalent to the problem of finding matrices whose square is the identity matrix.Over every field of characteristic other than 2, there is always a basis such that the matrix can be written as a diagonal matrix with only 1 or −1 occurring on the diagonal, such as
The modular function is a continuous group homomorphism from G to the multiplicative group of positive real numbers. A group is called unimodular if the modular function is identically 1 {\displaystyle 1} , or, equivalently, if the Haar measure is both left and right invariant.
That implies that any two rational functions F and G, in the function field of the modular curve, will satisfy a modular equation P(F,G) = 0 with P a non-zero polynomial of two variables over the complex numbers. For suitable non-degenerate choice of F and G, the equation P(X,Y) = 0 will actually define the modular curve.
In mathematics, a Hilbert modular form is a generalization of modular forms to functions of two or more variables. It is a (complex) analytic function on the m -fold product of upper half-planes H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} satisfying a certain kind of functional equation .