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In literary theory, formalism refers to critical approaches that analyze, interpret, or evaluate the inherent features of a text. These features include not only grammar and syntax but also literary devices such as meter and tropes. The formalistic approach reduces the importance of a text's historical, biographical, and cultural context.
New Criticism developed as a reaction to the older philological and literary history schools of the US North, which focused on the history and meaning of individual words and their relation to foreign and ancient languages, comparative sources, and the biographical circumstances of the authors, taking this approach under the influence of nineteenth-century German scholarship.
Eikhenbaum provided definition and interpretation for the group, [8] with essays such as Theory of the "Formal Method" he helped outline their approach to literature. [9] From 1947 to 1949, Eikhenbaum was victimized by the campaign against " rootless cosmopolitanism ", [ 10 ] [ 11 ] along with Viktor Zhirmunsky , Grigorii Gukovskii , and Mark ...
A characteristic stance of formalist approaches is the primacy of form (like syntax), and the conception of language as a system in isolation from the outer world. An example of this is de Saussure's principle of arbitrariness of sign, according to which there is no intrinsic relationship between a signifier (a word) and the signified (concept ...
Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for literary analysis. [1] Since the 19th century, literary scholarship includes literary theory and considerations of intellectual history , moral philosophy, social philosophy, and interdisciplinary themes relevant to how people interpret meaning . [ 1 ]
The Structure of Literature is a 1954 book of literary criticism by Paul Goodman, the published version of his doctoral dissertation in the humanities.The book proposes a mode of formal literary analysis that Goodman calls "inductive formal analysis": Goodman defines a formal structure within an isolated literary work, finds how parts of the work interact with each other to form a whole, and ...
Ivor Armstrong Richards CH (26 February 1893 [1] – 7 September 1979 [1]), known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, poet, and rhetorician.His work contributed to the foundations of New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions ...
Biographical criticism is a form of literary criticism which analyzes a writer's biography to show the relationship between the author's life and their literary works. [2] Biographical criticism is often associated with historical-biographical criticism , [ 3 ] a critical method that "sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a ...