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Busy waiting. In computer science and software engineering, busy-waiting, busy-looping or spinning is a technique in which a process repeatedly checks to see if a condition is true, such as whether keyboard input or a lock is available. Spinning can also be used to generate an arbitrary time delay, a technique that was necessary on systems that ...
Iterator. In computer programming, an iterator is an object that progressively provides access to each item of a collection, in order. [1] [2] [3] A collection may provide multiple iterators via its interface that provide items in different orders, such as forwards and backwards. An iterator is often implemented in terms of the structure ...
Within the type system of a programming language, a typing rule for a type constructor I is: covariant if it preserves the ordering of types (≤), which orders types from more specific to more generic: If A ≤ B, then I<A> ≤ I<B>; contravariant if it reverses this ordering: If A ≤ B, then I<B> ≤ I<A>;
C data types. In the C programming language, data types constitute the semantics and characteristics of storage of data elements. They are expressed in the language syntax in form of declarations for memory locations or variables. Data types also determine the types of operations or methods of processing of data elements.
const (computer programming) In some programming languages, const is a type qualifier (a keyword applied to a data type) that indicates that the data is read-only. While this can be used to declare constants, const in the C family of languages differs from similar constructs in other languages in that it is part of the type, and thus has ...
A callback is often back on the level of the original caller. In computer programming, a callback is a function that is stored as data (a reference) and designed to be called by another function – often back to the original abstraction layer . A function that accepts a callback parameter may be designed to call back before returning to its ...
C++ also contains the type conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators means that their precedence level is unimportant. Most of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other C-family languages such as C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence ...
In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address. This can be that of another value located in computer memory, or in some cases, that of memory-mapped computer hardware. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the ...