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The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. [1] [2] [3] Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. [4]
The generator is used in evolution equations such as the Kolmogorov backward equation, which describes the evolution of statistics of the process; its L 2 Hermitian adjoint is used in evolution equations such as the Fokker–Planck equation, also known as Kolmogorov forward equation, which describes the evolution of the probability density ...
A chemical graph generator is a software package to generate computer representations of chemical structures adhering to certain boundary conditions. The development of such software packages is a research topic of cheminformatics .
The Game of Life, also known as Conway's Game of Life or simply Life, is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970. [1] It is a zero-player game , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] meaning that its evolution is determined by its initial state, requiring no further input.
Similarly, Ossinodus has two hindlimbs located bilaterally and proximodistally asymmetrical. [2] Due to the presence of a small femur during juvenile development, this Carboniferous- period tetrapod is thought to be aquatic during juvenile development; only emerging onto land once it reaches adulthood. [2]
Shai Gilgeous-Alexander scored 39 points, and the Oklahoma City Thunder beat the Dallas Mavericks 118-104 on Tuesday night in an NBA Cup quarterfinal. Jalen Williams scored 18 points and Isaiah ...
A random graph is obtained by starting with a set of n isolated vertices and adding successive edges between them at random. The aim of the study in this field is to determine at what stage a particular property of the graph is likely to arise. [3] Different random graph models produce different probability distributions on graphs.
This parameter controls the fraction of edges that are between communities. [2] Thus, it reflects the amount of noise in the network. At the extremes, when μ = 0 {\displaystyle \mu =0} all links are within community links, if μ = 1 {\displaystyle \mu =1} all links are between nodes belonging to different communities.