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Specification for carbon steel electrodes for shielded metal arc welding AWS A5.18: Specification for carbon steel electrodes and rods for gas shielded arc welding AWS B1.10: Guide for the nondestructive examination of welds AWS B2.1: Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification AWS D1.1: Structural welding (steel) AWS D1.2
The AWS defines welding PQR as a record of welding variables used to produce an acceptable test weldment and the results of tests conducted on the weldment to qualify a Welding Procedure Specification. For steel construction (civil engineering structures) AWS D1.1 is a widely used standard.
6011 and 7018 are among the most commonly used electrodues. Pipe welds are typically done with a 6010 root pass and 7018 cap. Boiler tube welds are now commonly tig'ed for the root past and finished with the appropriate stick electrode (7018, 8018, or 9018). An picture of an electrode chart from Lincoln, or Miller/Hobart would not be a bad idea.
The actual welding technique utilized depends on the electrode, the composition of the workpiece, and the position of the joint being welded. The choice of electrode and welding position also determine the welding speed. Flat welds require the least operator skill, and can be done with electrodes that melt quickly but solidify slowly.
For DC welding, the electrode can be connected to the machine's positive terminal (DCEP) or negative terminal (DCEN), changing the current's direction. The process and type of electrode used will typically determine the current. [44] [45] Shielding gas prevents oxygen in the atmosphere from entering the molten weld pool.
Operator skill is a major factor as improper electrode manipulation or machine setup can cause porosity. Flux-cored arc welding machine. Another type of FCAW uses a shielding gas that must be supplied by an external source. This is known informally as "dual shield" welding. This type of FCAW was developed primarily for welding structural steels.
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