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Low back pain is not a specific disease but rather a complaint that may be caused by a large number of underlying problems of varying levels of seriousness. [30] The majority of low back pain does not have a clear cause [1] but is believed to be the result of non-serious muscle or skeletal issues such as sprains or strains. [31]
[1] [2] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain. Historically they have also been used to detect malingering in patients with back pain. While testing takes less than one minute, [2] it has been described as time-consuming and alternatives have been proposed. [3]
Spinal manipulation appears to provide similar effects to other recommended treatments for chronic low back pain. [57] There is no evidence it is more effective than other therapies or sham, or as an adjunct to other treatments, for acute low back pain [58] "Back school" is an intervention that consists of both education and physical exercises.
WFEs have been a cornerstone in the management of lower back pain for many years for treating a wide variety of back problems, regardless of diagnosis or chief complaint. In many cases they are used when the disorder's cause or characteristics were not fully understood by the physician, athletic trainer or physical therapist. Also, physical ...
There is only weak evidence for the effectiveness of the method's use for treating lower back pain. [8] A 2019 systematic review found that there was evidence that it could reduce chronic lower back pain in the short term, and enhance function in the longer term, but that most studies of the treatment had methodological flaws, such as small sample sizes and a lack of blinding.
The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is an index derived from the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire used by clinicians and researchers to quantify disability for low back pain and quality of life. This validated questionnaire was first published by Jeremy Fairbank et al. in Physiotherapy in 1980. [1]
One of the foundational assertions of the Gokhale Method, that people in minimally industrialized societies have less back pain, [4] lacks support in mainstream science. According to a 2004 review, "Until recently it was largely thought of as a problem confined to western countries but research performed during the last decade clearly showed ...
The lumbar spine is often the site of back pain. The area is susceptible because of its flexibility and the amount of body weight it regularly bears. [2] It is estimated that low-back pain may affect as much as 80 to 90 percent of the general population in the United States. [3]