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Herbert Spencer (United Kingdom, 1820–1903), philosopher, psychologist, and sociologist, advanced what he called the "Law of equal liberty" and argued against liberal theory promoting more activist government, which he dubbed "a new form of Toryism." He supported a state limited in its duties to the defense of persons and their property.
John Locke's portrait by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, London. John Locke (/ l ɒ k /; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 ()) [13] was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".
This article is a list of major figures in the theory of libertarianism, a philosophy asserting that individuals have a right to be free.Originally coined by French anarchist and libertarian communist Joseph Déjacque as an alternative synonymous to anarchism, American classical liberals appropriated the term in the 1950s for their philosophy which asserts that individuals have a right to ...
[256] One such argument is the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty. [62] It has also been argued that laissez-faire capitalism does not necessarily produce the best or most efficient outcome, [257] [258] nor does its philosophy of individualism and policies of deregulation prevent the abuse of natural resources. [259]
John Stuart Mill. Philosophers from the earliest times have considered the question of liberty. Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD) wrote: . a polity in which there is the same law for all, a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed.
German philosopher Immanuel Kant, one of the most influential figures of Enlightenment and modern philosophy Kant tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. [ 31 ]
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) [1] was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism , he contributed widely to social theory , political theory , and political economy.
Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; [1] February 9, 1737 [O.S. January 29, 1736] [Note 1] – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American Founding Father, French Revolutionary, inventor, and political philosopher.