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Another attack is the so-called return to libc method for shellcode creation. In this attack the malicious payload will load the stack not with shellcode, but with a proper call stack so that execution is vectored to a chain of standard library calls, usually with the effect of disabling memory execute protections and allowing shellcode to run ...
Canaries or canary words or stack cookies are known values that are placed between a buffer and control data on the stack to monitor buffer overflows. When the buffer overflows, the first data to be corrupted will usually be the canary, and a failed verification of the canary data will therefore alert of an overflow, which can then be handled, for example, by invalidating the corrupted data.
Visualization of a software buffer overflow. Data is written into A, but is too large to fit within A, so it overflows into B.. In programming and information security, a buffer overflow or buffer overrun is an anomaly whereby a program writes data to a buffer beyond the buffer's allocated memory, overwriting adjacent memory locations.
On other platforms it is defined as 32-bit and a Unicode code point always fits. The C standard only requires that wchar_t be wide enough to hold the widest character set among the supported system locales [9] and be greater or equal in size to char, [10] wint_t: Integer type that can hold any value of a wchar_t as well as the value of the ...
A message like "file upload complete" is a string that software shows to end users. In the program's source code, this message would likely appear as a string literal. User-entered text, like "I got a new job today" as a status update on a social media service. Instead of a string literal, the software would likely store this string in a database.
Protocol Buffers is similar to the Apache Thrift, Ion, and Microsoft Bond protocols, offering a concrete RPC protocol stack to use for defined services called gRPC. [5] Data structure schemas (called messages) and services are described in a proto definition file (.proto) and compiled with protoc. This compilation generates code that can be ...
In computer science, a set is an abstract data type that can store unique values, without any particular order. It is a computer implementation of the mathematical concept of a finite set. Unlike most other collection types, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests a value for membership in a set.
In contrast, mutable objects can share state. Mutability allows better object reuse via the caching and re-initialization of old, unused objects. Sharing is usually nonviable when state is highly variable. Other primary concerns include retrieval (how the end-client accesses the flyweight), caching and concurrency.