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  2. Sociology of race and ethnic relations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and...

    The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of systemic racism , like residential segregation and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups.

  3. Racial diversity in United States schools - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_diversity_in_United...

    Racial diversity in United States schools is the representation of different racial or ethnic groups in American schools. The institutional practice of slavery , and later segregation , in the United States prevented certain racial groups from entering the school system until midway through the 20th century, when Brown v.

  4. John Ogbu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ogbu

    John Uzo Ogbu (May 9, 1939 – August 20, 2003) was a Nigerian-American anthropologist and professor known for his theories on observed phenomena involving race and intelligence, especially how race and ethnic differences played out in educational and economic achievement. [1]

  5. Ethnic studies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studies

    Ethnic studies, in the United States, is the interdisciplinary study of difference—chiefly race, ethnicity, and nation, but also sexuality, gender, and other such markings—and power, as expressed by the state, by civil society, and by individuals. Its antecedents came before the civil rights era, as early as the 1900s.

  6. Oppositional culture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppositional_culture

    Oppositional culture, also known as the "blocked opportunities framework" or the "caste theory of education", is a term most commonly used in studying the sociology of education to explain racial disparities in educational achievement, particularly between white and black Americans.

  7. Racial formation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_formation_theory

    Racial formation theory is an analytical tool in sociology, developed by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, which is used to look at race as a socially constructed identity, where the content and importance of racial categories are determined by social, economic, and political forces. [1]

  8. Race relations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_relations

    The need to reduce negative race relations practices and promote racial justice became more apparent after the George Floyd incident. Efforts were reinforced to ensure equality, dismantle systemic racism, and address historical and present-day discrimination that affects marginalized racial and ethnic groups. [13]

  9. William E. Cross Jr. - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Cross_Jr.

    William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.