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Liver toxicity is considered to be much more rare with bicalutamide than with flutamide, and bicalutamide is also regarded as having a lower risk than nilutamide. [155] [156] [157] Rates of abnormal liver function tests have varied widely between studies, with reported ranges of 4 to 62% with flutamide and 2 to 33% with nilutamide.
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) after kidney transplantation is common and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The results of several studies suggest that calcineurin inhibitors have oncogenic properties mainly linked to the production of cytokines that promote tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis.
Azathioprine, sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. [5] It is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus; and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection.
At 5 years post-transplant, 80% of lung transplants, 60% of heart transplants and 50% of kidney transplants are affected, while liver transplants are only affected 10% of the time. [20] Therefore, chronic rejection explains long-term morbidity in most lung-transplant recipients, [ 23 ] [ 24 ] the median survival roughly 4.7 years, about half ...
After undergoing solid organ transplant (liver, kidney, pancreas, etc.), patients are prescribed immunosuppressive agents, such as tacrolimus or cyclosporine. These medications target CD4 immune cells, suppressing their function. IRIS in these patients is thought to be due to the pro-inflammatory response after withdrawal of immunosuppressants.
Cyclophosphamide (CP), also known as cytophosphane among other names, [3] is a medication used as chemotherapy and to suppress the immune system. [4] As chemotherapy it is used to treat lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and sarcoma. [4]
The dose-limiting side effects are liver damage, lung disease and immunosuppression. [27] The most common side effects (occurring in >1% of those treated with it) are, in approximately descending order of frequency: [7] [10] [2] [28] [29] [5] [4] diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, hair loss, high blood pressure, rash, nausea, bronchitis, headache, abdominal pain, abnormal liver function ...