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Hyperosmia is an increased olfactory acuity (heightened sense of smell), usually caused by a lower threshold for odor. [1] This perceptual disorder arises when there is an abnormally increased signal at any point between the olfactory receptors and the olfactory cortex.
Paget's disease of the breast is a symptom of underlying breast cancer. Treatment is variable and is determined by the type of breast cancer in addition to its staging and prognostic considerations. Management often involves a lumpectomy or mastectomy to surgically remove the tumour. [12] Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may also be necessary. [13]
Otherwise treatments may include paracetamol or NSAIDs. [1] A well fitting bra may also help. [3] In those with severe pain tamoxifen or danazol may be used. [1] About 70% of women have breast pain at some point in time. [2] Breast pain is one of the most common breast symptoms, along with breast masses and nipple discharge. [1]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 March 2025. Odor produced by a living animal Body odor or body odour (BO) is present in all animals and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies). Body odor has a strong genetic basis, but can also be strongly influenced by various factors, such as sex ...
Some people may be anosmic for one particular odor, a condition known as "specific anosmia". The absence of the sense of smell from birth is known as congenital anosmia. [15] In the United States, 3% of people aged over 40 are affected by anosmia. [3] Anosmia is a common symptom of COVID-19 and can persist as long COVID. [16]
One method used to diagnose parosmia is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). "Sniffin' Sticks" are another diagnostic method. [11] These techniques can help deduce whether a specific case of parosmia can be attributed to just one stimulating odor or if there is a group of odors that will elicit the displaced smell.
Diagnosing dysosmia precisely can be difficult due to the variety of causes and symptoms. Often, patients may be unsure whether or not they are having issues with smell or taste specifically. It is important to identify whether the distortion applies to an inhaled odorant or if an odor exists without the stimulus.
Papillomatosis of the breast (PB) is a rare, benign, epitheliosis-like lesion, i.e. an overgrowth of the cells lining the ducts of glands that resembles a papilla (i.e. small rounded protuberance) or nipple-like nodule/tumor.