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The Libyan domain, .ly was used for domain hacks for this suffix. [8] [9] There are some words that are neither adverbs nor adjectives, and yet end with -ly, such as apply, family, supply. There are also adverbs in English that do not end with -ly, such as now, then, tomorrow, today, upstairs, downstairs, yesterday, overseas, behind, already.
Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb (slow → slowly).
William Bullokar wrote the earliest grammar of English, published in 1586.It includes a chapter on adverbs. His definition follows: An adverb is a part of speech joined with a verb or participle to declare their signification more expressly by such adverb: as, come hither if they wilt go forth, sometimes with an adjective: as, thus broad: & sometimes joined with another adverb: as, how soon ...
Some suffixes that are commonly used to form adverbs from nouns are -ward[s] (as in homeward[s]) and -wise (as in lengthwise). Adverbs are also formed by adding -ly to the participles. For example, according, a present participle adjective, becomes accordingly, an adverb, by adding -ly after it.
This can possibly be explained by the differing uses of the suffix -ly, and another adverbial suffix, -e. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there are two different uses of the suffix -ly: when the suffix transforms a word into an adjective (e.g. brotherly), and when it forms an adverb. [13]
For instance, the word 'person' is a noun, but if the suffix '-al' were added then 'personal' is derived. 'Personal' is an adjective, and the righthand head rule holds that the PoS information is provided by the suffix '-al', which is the righthand element. The adverb 'personally' is derived from 'personal' by adding the suffix '-ly'.
This system is most commonly used with words not of Anglo-Saxon origin – most often in English those of French, Latin, or Greek derivation. This includes adverbs formed with the suffix -ly (e.g., more beautifully) and such words used as adjectives if they would take -ly as adverbs (e.g. most beautiful). It also tends to include longer ...
In some cases, a zero-morpheme may also be used to contrast with other inflected forms of a word that contain an audible morpheme. For example, the plural noun cats in English consists of the root cat and the plural suffix -s, and so the singular cat may be analyzed as the root inflected with the null singular suffix -∅. [9]