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where b is the number base (10 for decimal), and p is a prime that does not divide b. (Primes p that give cyclic numbers in base b are called full reptend primes or long primes in base b). For example, the case b = 10, p = 7 gives the cyclic number 142857, and the case b = 12, p = 5 gives the cyclic number 2497.
Suppose a function f(x, y, z) = 0, where x, y, and z are functions of each other. Write the total differentials of the variables = + = + Substitute dy into dx = [() + ()] + By using the chain rule one can show the coefficient of dx on the right hand side is equal to one, thus the coefficient of dz must be zero () + = Subtracting the second term and multiplying by its inverse gives the triple ...
A prime p (where p ≠ 2, 5 when working in base 10) is called unique if there is no other prime q such that the period length of the decimal expansion of its reciprocal, 1/p, is equal to the period length of the reciprocal of q, 1/q. [8]
The cyclic number corresponding to prime p will possess p − 1 digits if and only if p is a full reptend prime. That is, the multiplicative order ord p b = p − 1, which is equivalent to b being a primitive root modulo p. The term "long prime" was used by John Conway and Richard Guy in their Book of Numbers.
A cyclic number [1] [2] is a natural number n such that n and φ(n) are coprime. Here φ is Euler's totient function. An equivalent definition is that a number n is cyclic if and only if any group of order n is cyclic. [3] Any prime number is clearly cyclic. All cyclic numbers are square-free. [4] Let n = p 1 p 2 …
A repeating decimal or recurring decimal is a decimal representation of a number whose digits are eventually periodic (that is, after some place, the same sequence of digits is repeated forever); if this sequence consists only of zeros (that is if there is only a finite number of nonzero digits), the decimal is said to be terminating, and is not considered as repeating.
As the exterior product is associative brackets are not needed as it does not matter which of a ∧ b or b ∧ c is calculated first, though the order of the vectors in the product does matter. Geometrically the trivector a ∧ b ∧ c corresponds to the parallelepiped spanned by a , b , and c , with bivectors a ∧ b , b ∧ c and a ∧ c ...
In a 1961 paper, P. C. Paris introduced the idea that the rate of crack growth may depend on the stress intensity factor. [4] Then in their 1963 paper, Paris and Erdogan indirectly suggested the equation with the aside remark "The authors are hesitant but cannot resist the temptation to draw the straight line slope 1/4 through the data" after reviewing data on a log-log plot of crack growth ...