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A foil is an architectural device based on a symmetrical rendering of leaf shapes, defined by overlapping circles of the same diameter that produce a series of cusps to make a lobe. Typically, the number of cusps can be three ( trefoil ), four ( quatrefoil ), five (cinquefoil [ 1 ] ), or a larger number (multifoil). [ 2 ]
Multifoil arch in the Aljafería, Zaragoza, Spain. A multifoil arch (or polyfoil arch), also known as a cusped arch, [1] [2] polylobed arch, [3] [4] or scalloped arch, [5] is an arch characterized by multiple circular arcs or leaf shapes (called foils, lobes, or cusps) that are cut into its interior profile or intrados.
The dolphin flipper at bottom left obeys the same principles in a different fluid medium; it is an example of a hydrofoil. Streamlines on an airfoil visualised with a smoke wind tunnel An airfoil ( American English ) or aerofoil ( British English ) is a streamlined body that is capable of generating significantly more lift than drag . [ 1 ]
It is most commonly found as tracery, mainly in Gothic architecture, where a quatrefoil often may be seen at the top of a Gothic arch, sometimes filled with stained glass. Although the design is often referred to as of Islamic origin, there are examples of its use that precede the birth of Islam by almost 200 years.
Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture is an architecture manifesto conceived by architect Le Corbusier. [1] It outlines five key principles of design that he considered to be the foundations of the modern architectural discipline, which would be expressed through much of his designs.
Design theory is a subfield of design research concerned with various theoretical approaches towards understanding and delineating design principles, design knowledge, and design practice. History [ edit ]
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These texts describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry. The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns , symmetry, and directional alignments. [3]