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  2. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    For example, direct proof can be used to prove that the sum of two even integers is always even: Consider two even integers x and y. Since they are even, they can be written as x = 2a and y = 2b, respectively, for some integers a and b. Then the sum is x + y = 2a + 2b = 2(a+b). Therefore x+y has 2 as a factor and, by definition, is even. Hence ...

  3. Singly and doubly even - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singly_and_doubly_even

    The 2-order provides a unified description of various classes of integers defined by evenness: Odd numbers are those with ν 2 (n) = 0, i.e., integers of the form 2m + 1. Even numbers are those with ν 2 (n) > 0, i.e., integers of the form 2m. In particular: Singly even numbers are those with ν 2 (n) = 1, i.e., integers of the form 4m + 2.

  4. Lambek–Moser theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambek–Moser_theorem

    They form an inverse pair, and the partition generated via the Lambek–Moser theorem from this pair is just the partition of the positive integers into even and odd numbers. Another integer partition, into evil numbers and odious numbers (by the parity of the binary representation ) uses almost the same functions, adjusted by the values of the ...

  5. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    The number is taken to be 'odd' or 'even' according to whether its numerator is odd or even. Then the formula for the map is exactly the same as when the domain is the integers: an 'even' such rational is divided by 2; an 'odd' such rational is multiplied by 3 and then 1 is added.

  6. Goldbach's conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach's_conjecture

    In particular, the set of even integers that are not the sum of two primes has density zero. In 1951, Yuri Linnik proved the existence of a constant K such that every sufficiently large even number is the sum of two primes and at most K powers of 2. János Pintz and Imre Ruzsa found in 2020 that K = 8 works. [21]

  7. Direct proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_proof

    respectively for integers a and b. Then the sum can be written as + = + = (+) = where = +, a and b are all integers. It follows that x + y has 2 as a factor and therefore is even, so the sum of any two even integers is even.

  8. Parity (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)

    The even numbers form an ideal in the ring of integers, [13] but the odd numbers do not—this is clear from the fact that the identity element for addition, zero, is an element of the even numbers only. An integer is even if it is congruent to 0 modulo this ideal, in other words if it is congruent to 0 modulo 2, and odd if it is congruent to 1 ...

  9. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_Fermat's_Last...

    By contrast, if one is even and the other odd, they have different parity. The addition, subtraction and multiplication of even and odd integers obey simple rules. The addition or subtraction of two even numbers or of two odd numbers always produces an even number, e.g., 4 + 6 = 10 and 3 + 5 = 8.

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