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Intersystem crossing (ISC) is an isoenergetic radiationless process involving a transition between the two electronic states with different spin multiplicity. [ 1 ] Excited electrons can undergo intersystem crossing to a degenerate state with a different spin multiplicity.
A Jablonski diagram showing the excitation of molecule A to its singlet excited state (1 A*) followed by intersystem crossing to the triplet state (3 A) that relaxes to the ground state by phosphorescence. It was used to describe absorption and emission of light by fluorescence.
It differs from intersystem crossing in that, while both are radiationless methods of de-excitation, the molecular spin state for internal conversion remains the same, whereas it changes for intersystem crossing. The energy of the electronically excited state is given off to vibrational modes of the molecule.
Triplet states typically have longer lifetimes than excited singlets. The prolonged lifetime increases the probability of interacting with other molecules nearby. Photosensitizers experience varying levels of efficiency for intersystem crossing at different wavelengths of light based on the internal electronic structure of the molecule. [2] [7]
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Map of ancient Asia shows location of the Âu Việt state of Nam Cương and other Viet’s kingdoms. According to folklore, prior to Chinese domination of northern and north-central Vietnam, the region was ruled by a series of kingdoms called Văn Lang with a hierarchical government, headed by Lạc Kings ( Hùng Kings ), who were served by ...
The Vietnamese Wikipedia initially went online in November 2002, with a front page and an article about the Internet Society.The project received little attention and did not begin to receive significant contributions until it was "restarted" in October 2003 [3] and the newer, Unicode-capable MediaWiki software was installed soon after.
In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language.