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The first Ground Observer Corps was a World War II Civil Defense program of the United States Army Air Forces to protect United States territory against air attack. The 1.5 million civilian observers at 14,000 coastal observation posts performed naked eye and binocular searches to detect German or Japanese aircraft.
Indeed, World War II saw an even greater use of rationing, recycling, and anti-saboteur vigilance than was seen in World War I. As the threat of air raids or invasions in the United States seemed less likely during the war, the focus on the Civil Defense Corps, air raid drills, and patrols of the border declined but the other efforts continued.
Deadly force, also known as lethal force, is the use of force that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death to another person. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort , when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed.
[10] [11] Early attempts to protect civilians as a class were largely unsuccessful. World War II was also fought within the framework of the total war concept. [12] The Geneva Conventions of 1949 were the first significant protections for civilians in war. These protections were expanded by the Additional Protocols in 1977.
Civil Defense literature, such as Survival Under Atomic Attack, was common during the Cold War Era. Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the Cold War civil defense effort was the educational effort made or promoted by the government. [16] In Duck and Cover, Bert the Turtle advocated that children "duck and cover" when they "see the flash."
An ARP warden in Poplar, London at the start of the Second World War. By the outbreak of war there were more than 1.5 million involved in the various ARP services. [8] There were around 1.4 million ARP wardens in Britain during the war. Full-time ARP staff peaked at just over 131,000 in December 1940 (nearly 20,000 were women).
The dubious assumption that "only the cockroaches" would survive the post-war fallout environment was frequently used in an attempt to criticize Duck and Cover during the height of the Cold War, contextually at a time when discussion of a total war involved the much greater US-Soviet arsenal of nuclear weapons that were then in existence.
The Civil Defence Service was a civilian volunteer organisation in Great Britain during World War II.Established by the Home Office in 1935 as Air Raid Precautions (ARP), its name was officially changed to the Civil Defence Service (CD) in 1941.