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Health disparities exist in countries around the world. There are various theoretical approaches to social determinants, including the life-course perspective. Chronic stress, which is experienced more frequently by those living with adverse social and economic conditions, has been linked to poor health outcomes. [5]
Poor health outcomes appear to be an effect of economic inequality across a population. Nations and regions with greater economic inequality show poorer outcomes in life expectancy, [31]: Figure 1.1 mental health, [31]: Figure 5.1 drug abuse, [31]: Figure 5.3 obesity, [31]: Figure 7.1 educational performance, teenage birthrates, and ill health due to violence.
Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick? is a four-hour documentary series, broadcast nationally in the United States on PBS in spring 2008, [1] that examines the role of social determinants of health in creating health inequalities/health disparities (which the film considers health inequities) in the US.
The World Health Organization defines the social determinants of health as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age" , [7] conditions that are determined by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels. [7] There are two main determinants of health: structural and proximal ...
These health disparities are root issues to the health equity crisis present not just in the United States, but even around the world. For example, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, [ 2 ] followed closely by cancer , with the fifth most deadly being diabetes .
[25] [26] [27] These cognitive disparities often are reduced or eliminated when factoring various social determinants of health such as stress, education quality, economic stability, or quality of healthcare. [25] [26] [27] Black Americans also have higher rates of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias than non-Hispanic Whites. [28]
The Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions was established in October 2002 with a 5-year grant from the National Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD), of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under the Centers of Excellence in Partnerships for Community Outreach, Research on Health Disparities, and Training program (Project EXPORT).
Although health research is often organized by disease categories or organ systems, theoretical development in social epidemiology is typically organized around factors that influence health (i.e., health determinants rather than health outcomes). Many social factors are thought to be relevant for a wide range of health domains.