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Head CT showing periventricular white matter lesions. Leukoaraiosis is a particular abnormal change in appearance of white matter near the lateral ventricles. It is often seen in aged individuals, but sometimes in young adults. [1] [2] On MRI, leukoaraiosis changes appear as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in T2 FLAIR images.
The presence of incidental MRI findings in the CNS white matter: Ovoid and well-circumscribed homogeneous foci, with or without involvement of the corpus callosum; T2 hyperintensities larger than 3 mm in diameter, which fulfill at least 3 of the 4 Barkhof MRI criteria [7] for DIS; The CNS abnormalities are not consistent with a vascular condition
These small regions of high intensity are observed on T2 weighted MRI images (typically created using 3D FLAIR) within cerebral white matter (white matter lesions, white matter hyperintensities or WMH) [1] [2] or subcortical gray matter (gray matter hyperintensities or GMH). The volume and frequency is strongly associated with increasing age. [2]
One or more T2-hyperintense lesions characteristic of multiple sclerosis in one or more of the following brain regions: periventricular, cortical or juxtacortical, or infratentorial; Two or more T2-hyperintense lesions in the spinal cord; Presence of CSF-specific oligoclonal bands
The scars in the white matter are known to appear from confluence of smaller ones [11] Currently the term "multiple sclerosis" is ambiguous and refers not only to the presence of the scars, but also to the unknown underlying condition that produces these scars. Besides clinical diagnosis uses also the term "multiple sclerosis" for speaking ...
Multiple sclerosis with cavitary lesions: Atypical multiple sclerosis cases similar to vanishing white matter disease but etiologically different from both. [77] Lesions similar to vanishing white matter disease [77] Leukodystrophy-like MS. Other radiological classification of atypical lesions proposes the following four subtypes: [78] infiltrative
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