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There exist studies on germ-free mice, devoid of any gut bacteria, that show the mice exhibit less anxiety compared to mice with a normal gut microbiome. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Inflammations or infections of the gut tract of mice caused a change in certain behaviour associated with symptoms of anxiety, such as a less drive to explore [ 42 ] and a ...
Animal behavior modeling is difficult because to create a competent model, the cause of the disease must be known. In the case of OCD and anxiety the causes are idiopathic. The symptoms for both diseases overlap making it difficult to know what disease the animal model is displaying. OCD is a serious condition with a lifetime prevalence of 1-3%.
Pavlovian fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events. [1] It is a form of learning in which an aversive stimulus (e.g. an electrical shock) is associated with a particular neutral context (e.g., a room) or neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone), resulting in the expression of fear responses to the originally neutral stimulus or context.
Research studies have shown that damage to the bilateral amygdala [15] affects mostly the recognition of fear. In a specific study conducted by Andrew J. Calder and Andrew W. Young, they had subjects classify morphed images of facial expressions ranging from happiness to surprise to fear to sadness to disgust to anger.
Crayfish which experienced an electric shock displayed enhanced fearfulness or anxiety as demonstrated by their preference for the dark arms more than the light. Furthermore, shocked crayfish had relatively higher brain serotonin concentrations coupled with elevated blood glucose, which indicates a stress response. [ 91 ]
Fear of mice and rats is one of the most common specific phobias. It is sometimes referred to as musophobia (from Greek μῦς " mouse ") or murophobia (a coinage from the taxonomic adjective "murine" for the family Muridae that encompasses mice and rats , and also Latin mure "mouse/rat"), or as suriphobia, from French souris , "mouse".
All symptoms listed above are consistent with mold mycotoxin accumulation. [7] The term neurotoxicity implies the involvement of a neurotoxin; however, the term neurotoxic may be used more loosely to describe states that are known to cause physical brain damage, but where no specific neurotoxin has been identified. [citation needed]
Any damage to the brain can cause a mental disorder. The brain is the control system for the nervous system and the rest of the body. Without it, the body cannot function properly. [71] Increased mood swings, insane behavior, and substance abuse disorders are traumatic brain injury (TBI) examples. Findings on the relationship between TBI ...