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Extensive as were the Japanese atrocities during the battle, American artillery and firepower were most responsible for the destruction of Manila's architectural and cultural heritage, [16] and, according to a Japanese estimate, caused 40 percent of the total Filipino deaths during the battle. [17]
Manila during the Japanese occupation. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines (Filipino: Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas; Japanese: 日本のフィリピン占領, romanized: Nihon no Firipin Senryō) occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Japanese Empire occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.
The Second Philippine Republic, officially the Republic of the Philippines [a] and also known as the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a Japanese-backed government established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation of the islands until its dissolution on August 17, 1945.
The Ambassador of Japan to the Philippines (Filipino: Sugo ng Hapon sa Pilipinas; Japanese: 在フィリピン日本国大使, romanized: Zai Firipin Nippon Koku Taishi) is the head of the Japanese diplomatic mission in the Philippines and the official representative of the government of Japan to the government of the Philippines.
The Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino (Patriotic Association of Filipinos), better known as the Makapili, was a militant group formed in the Philippines on December 8, 1944, during World War II to give military aid to the Imperial Japanese Army. [1]
Between 1947 and 1949, 73 trials were conducted by the newly independent Republic of the Philippines against 155 members of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy who committed war crimes during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. This resulted in the conviction of 138 individuals and the death sentence of 79 by December 28, 1949.
The Philippines campaign, Battle of the Philippines, Second Philippines campaign, or the Liberation of the Philippines, codenamed Operation Musketeer I, II, and III, was the American, Filipino, Australian, and Mexican campaign to defeat and expel the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the Philippines during World War II.
The Pantingan River massacre (Filipino: Pagpatay sa Ilog Pantingan) was the mass execution of Filipino and American officers and non-commissioned officers Prisoners-of-War by members of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Bataan Death March on April 12, 1942, in Bagac, Bataan. [2]