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  2. Formal charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_charge

    Formal charges in ozone and the nitrate anion. In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or q*), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.

  3. Hess's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess's_law

    The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reaction is independent of the sequence of steps taken. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Hess's law is now understood as an expression of the fact that the enthalpy of a chemical process is independent of the path taken from the initial to the final state (i.e. enthalpy is a ...

  4. Conversion of scales of temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_scales_of...

    This is a collection of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.. Temperatures on scales that either do not share a numeric zero or are nonlinearly related cannot correctly be mathematically equated (related using the symbol =), and thus temperatures on different scales are more correctly described as ...

  5. Thermochemical equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemical_equation

    In thermochemistry, a thermochemical equation is a balanced chemical equation that represents the energy changes from a system to its surroundings. One such equation involves the enthalpy change, which is denoted with Δ H {\displaystyle \Delta H} In variable form, a thermochemical equation would appear similar to the following:

  6. Chemical equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation

    A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow that points towards the products to show the direction of the reaction. [1]

  7. Faraday constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_constant

    F = ⁠ N A / 1/e ⁠ = 9.648 533 212 331 001 84 × 10 4 C⋅mol −1. One common use of the Faraday constant is in electrolysis calculations. One can divide the amount of charge (the current integrated over time) by the Faraday constant in order to find the chemical amount of a substance (in moles) that has been electrolyzed.

  8. Faraday's laws of electrolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_laws_of_electrolysis

    For Faraday's first law, M, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of Q, the larger m will be. For Faraday's second law, Q, F, v are constants; thus, the larger the value of (equivalent weight), the larger m will be. In the simple case of constant-current electrolysis, Q = It, leading to

  9. Arrhenius equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation

    In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the Van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and ...