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Retinyl acetate (retinol acetate, vitamin A acetate) is a natural [dubious – discuss] form of vitamin A which is the acetate ester of retinol. It has potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities.
Omnivore and carnivore species, especially those toward the top of the food chain, can accrue large amounts of retinyl esters in their livers, or else excrete retinyl esters in urine as a means of dealing with surplus. [16] Before the era of synthetic retinol, cod liver oil, high in vitamins A and D, was a commonly consumed dietary supplement.
Retinol, also called vitamin A 1, is a fat-soluble vitamin in the vitamin A family that is found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [3] Retinol or other forms of vitamin A are needed for vision, cellular development, maintenance of skin and mucous membranes, immune function and reproductive development. [3]
Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol and palmitic acid, with formula C 36 H 60 O 2. It is the most abundant form of vitamin A storage in animals. It is the most abundant form of vitamin A storage in animals.
All classes of retinoid bind to many proteins. Natural retinoids such as retinol and retinyl esters bind to carrier proteins such as RBP4, chylomicrons and VLDL while synthetic retinoids likely bind to these and other proteins. [17] First generation retinoids are rapidly metabolized by Cytochrome p450 enzymes, typically of the Cyp26 family. [18]
Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A 1 (all-trans-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. [2]
All-trans retinoic acid is produced by the body from dietary factors including retinol, retinyl esters or beta-carotene. The beta-carotene is first cleaved by beta-carotene 15-15'-monooxygenase to retinol which is subsequently oxidized by RDH and ALDH enzymes to produce all-trans retinoic acid (see retinoic acid). Tretinoin is produced ...
To offset these risks, supplements may need to be added to the dog's vegan or vegetarian diet, most importantly those that provide taurine, L-carnitine and vitamin B-12. According to this advice, dogs in the wild prefer animal-based protein , so matching their diet more closely to what they would eat if getting food on their own is more ...
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