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Commercial rubidium clocks are less accurate than caesium atomic clocks, which serve as primary frequency standards, so a rubidium clock is usually used as a secondary frequency standard. Commercial rubidium frequency standards operate by disciplining a crystal oscillator to the rubidium hyperfine transition of 6.8 GHz (6 834 682 610.904 Hz).
Rubidium standard clocks are prized for their low cost, small size (commercial standards are as small as 1.7 × 10 5 mm 3) [33] and short-term stability. They are used in many commercial, portable and aerospace applications. Modern rubidium standard tubes last more than ten years, and can cost as little as US$50.
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English: "Microchip MAC-SA5X miniaturized rubidium atomic clock produces a stable time and frequency reference that maintains a high degree of synchronization to a reference clock, such as a GNSS-derived signal, despite static g-forces or other factors ... measuring only 2 inch by 2 inch and standing less than an inch"
These precision 100 kHz oven controlled crystal oscillators at the US Bureau of Standards (now NIST) served as the frequency standard for the United States in 1929. A frequency standard is a stable oscillator used for frequency calibration or reference. A frequency standard generates a fundamental frequency with a high degree of accuracy and ...
A crystal oscillator depends for its frequency on its physical dimensions, which vary with fabrication and environmental conditions. A rubidium standard is a secondary standard even though it uses atomic transitions, because it takes the form of a gas cell through which an optical signal is passed. The gas cell has inherent inaccuracies because ...