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  2. Template:Atomic models - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Atomic_models

    A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles. Template parameters [Edit template data] Parameter Description Type Status State state The initial visibility of the navbox Suggested values collapsed expanded autocollapse String suggested Template transclusions Transclusion maintenance Check completeness of transclusions The above documentation is transcluded from Template ...

  3. Delta ray - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_ray

    This picture shows the four particles that are detectable in a cloud chamber : proton, electron, muon (probably) and alpha. Delta rays are seen associated with the proton track. A delta ray is characterized by very fast electrons produced in quantity by alpha particles or other fast energetic charged particles knocking orbiting electrons out of ...

  4. Quantum defect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_defect

    The quantum defect of an alkali atom refers to a correction to the energy levels predicted by the classic calculation of the hydrogen wavefunction. A simple model of the potential experienced by the single valence electron of an alkali atom is that the ionic core acts as a point charge with effective charge e and the wavefunctions are ...

  5. Atomic physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_physics

    If the electron absorbs a quantity of energy less than the binding energy, it will be transferred to an excited state. After a certain time, the electron in an excited state will "jump" (undergo a transition) to a lower state. In a neutral atom, the system will emit a photon of the difference in energy, since energy is conserved.

  6. Electronic correlation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_correlation

    In condensed matter physics, electrons are typically described with reference to a periodic lattice of atomic nuclei.Non-interacting electrons are therefore typically described by Bloch waves, which correspond to the delocalized, symmetry adapted molecular orbitals used in molecules (while Wannier functions correspond to localized molecular orbitals).

  7. Hyperfine structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfine_structure

    In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is defined by small shifts in otherwise degenerate electronic energy levels and the resulting splittings in those electronic energy levels of atoms, molecules, and ions, due to electromagnetic multipole interaction between the nucleus and electron clouds.

  8. Bohr–Sommerfeld model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr–Sommerfeld_model

    This allowed the orbits of the electron to be ellipses instead of circles, and introduced the concept of quantum degeneracy. The theory would have correctly explained the Zeeman effect, except for the issue of electron spin. Sommerfeld's model was much closer to the modern quantum mechanical picture than Bohr's.

  9. Klein–Nishina formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein–Nishina_formula

    Consideration of relativistic and quantum mechanical effects allowed development of an accurate equation for the scattering of radiation from a target electron. Before this derivation, the electron cross section had been classically derived by the British physicist and discoverer of the electron, J.J. Thomson. However, scattering experiments ...