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  2. Planetary differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_differentiation

    The layers of the Earth, a differentiated planetary body. In planetary science, planetary differentiation is the process by which the chemical elements of a planetary body accumulate in different areas of that body, due to their physical or chemical behavior (e.g. density and chemical affinities).

  3. Differential rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_rotation

    Galaxies and protostars usually show differential rotation; examples in the Solar System include the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn. [ 1 ] Around the year 1610, Galileo Galilei observed sunspots and calculated the rotation of the Sun .

  4. Astronomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy

    Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos. ... during planetary differentiation. This process can form ...

  5. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    For example, one sphere that is described in Cartesian coordinates with the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2 can be described in spherical coordinates by the simple equation r = c. (In this system— shown here in the mathematics convention —the sphere is adapted as a unit sphere , where the radius is set to unity and then can generally be ...

  6. Cosmic distance ladder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder

    A significant issue with standard candles is the recurring question of how standard they are. For example, all observations seem to indicate that Type Ia supernovae that are of known distance have the same brightness, corrected by the shape of the light curve. The basis for this closeness in brightness is discussed below; however, the ...

  7. Comparative planetary science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_planetary_science

    The term "comparative planetology" was coined by George Gamow, who reasoned that to fully understand our own planet, we must study others. Poldervaart focused on the Moon, stating "An adequate picture of this original planet and its development to the present earth is of great significance, is in fact the ultimate goal of geology as the science leading to knowledge and understanding of earth's ...

  8. Lambda-CDM model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

    The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: . a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy;

  9. Differential geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry

    It also relates to astronomy, the geodesy of the Earth, and later the study of hyperbolic geometry by Lobachevsky. The simplest examples of smooth spaces are the plane and space curves and surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space , and the study of these shapes formed the basis for development of modern differential geometry during the ...