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Treponema denticola is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic, motile and highly proteolytic spirochete bacterium. It is one of four species of oral spirochetes to be reliably cultured, the others being Treponema pectinovorum, Treponema socranskii and Treponema vincentii [ 2 ] .
Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
Bacterial infection by Prevotella intermedia, Treponema, Selenomonas, Fusobacterium spp, Spirochetes and compromised host immune response Risk factors HIV / AIDS , malnutrition , psychological stress , sleep deprivation , inadequate oral hygiene , pre-existing gingivitis , history of necrotizing periodontal disease , tobacco and alcohol use ...
Periodontal disease typically arises from the development of plaque biofilm, which harbors harmful bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. These bacteria infect the gum tissue surrounding the teeth, leading to inflammation and, if left untreated, progressive damage to the teeth and gum tissue. [ 9 ]
Periodontal pathogens are bacteria that have been shown to significantly contribute to periodontitis.. Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses.
Necrotizing periodontal diseases are caused by a mixed bacterial infection that includes anaerobes such as P. intermedia [1] and Fusobacterium as well as spirochetes, such as Treponema. [3] Necrotizing gingivitis may also be associated with diseases in which the immune system is compromised, including HIV/AIDS. [1]
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta. [2] Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits. [3]
The red complex is a group of bacteria that are categorized together based on their association with severe forms of periodontal disease. [1] The red complex—among a number of other complexes—were classified by Sigmund Socransky in 1998.