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Opioids, such as fentanyl, morphine, and oxycodone, are used to treat post-surgery pain and chronic pain. [6] Opioids work by affecting the brain cells and reducing the perception of pain. [7] Other side effects include euphoria, mood changes, and the clouding or complete loss of consciousness. [8]
A major feature of opioid withdrawal is exacerbated noradrenaline release in the locus coeruleus. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists can be used to manage the symptoms of acute withdrawal. Lofexidine and clonidine are used for this purpose; both are considered to be equally effective, though clonidine has more side effects than lofexidine. [16]
While opioids aid in short- and long-term pain management, overprescription or constant opioid-exposure increases the risk for addiction. [16] There is a rise within healthcare systems to manage prescription of opioids. [16] Children prescribed opioids may become susceptible to the harms of addiction. [17] [18]
The discovery of antimicrobial agents contributed significantly to UTI management during the 20th century. Nitrofurantoin emerged as the first practical and safe urinary antimicrobial agent, but it was with limited spectrum of activity. [48] Subsequently, in the 1970s, beta-lactam antibiotics and TMP/SMX became available for UTI therapy. [48]
“All proper prospective studies have shown that more than 90 percent of opiate addicts in abstinence-based treatment return to opiate abuse within one year.” In her ideal world, doctors would consult with patients and monitor progress to determine whether Suboxone, methadone or some other medical approach stood the best chance of success.
Long-term opioid use occurs in about 4% of people following their use for trauma or surgery-related pain. [20] In the United States, most heroin users begin by using prescription opioids that may also be bought illegally. [21] [22] People with opioid use disorder are often treated with opioid replacement therapy using methadone or buprenorphine ...
America’s opioid epidemic is fueling a startling increase in cocaine-related overdose deaths in recent years, as users mix deadly cocktails. As the opioid epidemic evolves, impacts bleed into ...
When children with ear tubes get ear infections, they should have antibiotic eardrops put into their ears to go to the infection rather than having oral antibiotics, which are more likely to have unwanted side effects. [13] Swimmer's ear should be treated with antibiotic eardrops, not oral antibiotics. [14]