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Biology of depression. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD), [1] and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4- d ihydr o xy p henethyl amine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine constitutes about 80% of the catecholamine content in the brain.
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder [9] characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, [10] the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric ...
The presence of vitamin D, its activating enzyme, and VDR in the brain leads researchers to question what role vitamin D plays in the brain. Research suggests that vitamin D may function as a modulator in brain development and as a neuroprotectant. [1] In recent studies, vitamin D has exhibited an association with the regulation of nerve growth ...
Serotonin (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/) [6] [7] [8] or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.Its biological function is complex, touching on diverse functions including mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
v. t. e. Affective neuroscience is the study of how the brain processes emotions. This field combines neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. [1] The basis of emotions and what emotions are remains an issue of debate within the field of affective neuroscience. [2]
Limbic resonance. Limbic resonance is the idea that the capacity for sharing deep emotional states arises from the limbic system of the brain. [1] These states include the dopamine circuit-promoted feelings of empathic harmony, and the norepinephrine circuit-originated emotional states of fear, anxiety and anger. [2]
Biology of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is an affective disorder characterized by periods of elevated and depressed mood. The cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder is not yet known, and the study of its biological origins is ongoing. Although no single gene causes the disorder, a number of genes are linked to increase risk of the ...