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Bismuth is a chemical element; it has symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, with chemical properties resembling its lighter group 15 siblings arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth occurs naturally, and its sulfide and oxide forms are important commercial ores.
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The van der Waals radius, r w, of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom. It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to demonstrate the physical consequences of their size through the van der Waals ...
Atomic radii of the elements (data page) The atomic radius of a chemical element is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost shell of an electron. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Depending on the definition, the term may apply only to ...
The theory of geometrically necessary dislocations was first introduced by Nye [4] in 1953. Since geometrically necessary dislocations are present in addition to statistically stored dislocations, the total density is the accumulation of two densities, e.g. , where is the density of geometrically necessary dislocations.
Isotopes of bismuth (83Bi) Bismuth (83 Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184 Bi to 224 Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.980 40(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope ...
The angle in the relative coordinate system or center of mass frame needs to be converted to an angle in the lab frame. [ 47 ] : 85 In the lab frame, denoted by a subscript L, the scattering angle for a general central potential is tan Θ L = sin Θ cos Θ + ( m 1 / m 2 ) . {\displaystyle \tan \Theta _{L}={\frac {\sin \Theta }{\cos ...
Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight ratio or specific stiffness. High specific modulus materials find wide application in aerospace applications where minimum structural weight is required. The dimensional analysis yields units of ...