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Portal hypertension is a condition in which the blood pressure of the portal venous system is too high. It is often the result of cirrhosis of the liver. Liver cirrhosis can lead to increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and vasodilation of portal system arteries, both of which increase pressure in the portal vein. [4]
The human hepatic portal system delivers about three-fourths of the blood going to the liver.The final common pathway for transport of venous blood from spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and the abdominal portion of the gastrointestinal tract [2] (with the exception of the inferior part of the anal canal and sigmoid colon) is through the hepatic portal vein.
It is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of three portal venous systems in the human body; the others being the hypophyseal and renal portal systems. The portal vein is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric, splenic veins, inferior mesenteric, left, right gastric veins and the pancreatic vein.
proper hepatic artery, an arteriole branch of the hepatic artery that supplies oxygen; hepatic portal vein, a venule branch of the portal vein, with blood rich in nutrients but low in oxygen; one or two small bile ductules of cuboidal epithelium, branches of the bile conducting system. lymphatic vessels; branch of the vagus nerve
The hepatic duct lies in front and to the right, the hepatic artery to the left, and the portal vein behind and between the duct and artery. It also transmits nerves and lymphatics . Sympathetic nerves - these provide afferent pain impulses from the liver and gall bladder to the brain.
Oxygen is provided from both sources; about half of the liver's oxygen demand is met by the hepatic portal vein, and half is met by the hepatic arteries. [46] The hepatic artery also has both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors; therefore, flow through the artery is controlled, in part, by the splanchnic nerves of the autonomic nervous system ...
The causes for portal hypertension are classified as originating in the portal venous system before it reaches the liver (prehepatic causes), within the liver (intrahepatic) or between the liver and the heart (post-hepatic). The most common cause is cirrhosis (chronic liver failure).
Portal venous pressure is the blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein, and is normally between 5-10 mmHg. [1] Raised portal venous pressure is termed portal hypertension , [ 2 ] and has numerous sequelae such as ascites and hepatic encephalopathy .