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  2. Electromagnetic spectrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

    The higher energy (shortest wavelength) ranges of UV (called "vacuum UV") are absorbed by nitrogen and, at longer wavelengths, by simple diatomic oxygen in the air. Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer, which absorbs strongly in the important 200–315 nm range, the lower energy part of which is too long for ...

  3. Fraunhofer lines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines

    Dips in intensity are observed as dark lines at the wavelengths of the Fraunhofer lines, (e.g., the features G, F, b, E, B). The Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral absorption lines . They are dark absorption lines , seen in the optical spectrum of the Sun , and are formed when atoms in the solar atmosphere absorb light being emitted by the ...

  4. Emission spectrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrum

    The wavelength (or equivalently, frequency) of the photon is determined by the difference in energy between the two states. These emitted photons form the element's spectrum. The fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum means that only certain frequencies of light are emitted.

  5. Spectral line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line

    At shorter wavelengths, which correspond to higher energies, ultraviolet spectral lines include the Lyman series of hydrogen. At the much shorter wavelengths of X-rays , the lines are known as characteristic X-rays because they remain largely unchanged for a given chemical element, independent of their chemical environment.

  6. Types of periodic tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables

    1906 — Mendeleev's table: with six supposedly missing elements between H and He [15] 1919 — Hackh's table, with 9 columns in the top half and 11 in the bottom half. The position of an element in the table determines its properties. [16] [n 4] 1923 — Deming's other table: Mendeleev style with dividing line between metals and nonmetals [17]

  7. List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements

    A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...

  8. Atomic orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital

    This table shows the real hydrogen-like wave functions for all atomic orbitals up to 7s, and therefore covers the occupied orbitals in the ground state of all elements in the periodic table up to radium and some beyond. "ψ" graphs are shown with − and + wave function phases shown in two different colors (arbitrarily red and blue).

  9. Color of chemicals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_of_chemicals

    The relationship between energy and wavelength is determined by the Planck-Einstein relation E = h f = h c λ {\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}} where E is the energy of the quantum ( photon ), f is the frequency of the light wave, h is the Planck constant , λ is the wavelength and c is the speed of light .