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Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina, high blood pressure and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines . [ 4 ]
However, many controlled trials in the past 25 years indicate beta blockers are effective in anxiety disorders, though the mechanism of action is not known. [28] The physiological symptoms of the fight-or-flight response (pounding heart, cold/clammy hands, increased respiration, sweating, etc.) are significantly reduced, thus enabling anxious ...
One study found that men with moderate-to-high levels of exhaustion had a 2.7-fold increased risk of heart attack within five years and a 2.25 higher risk within ten years. The study also found a ...
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
[2]: 461 The figure illustrating these findings was also published in the same year by Singh and Vaughan Williams. [ 18 ] Drugs acting like diphenylhydantoin (DPH): mechanism of action unknown, but others had attributed its cardiac action to an indirect action on the brain; [ 19 ] this drug is better known as antiepileptic drug phenytoin .
However, there are short-term escape and long-term drift effects in some people. That is, tolerance develops. It may reduce the extent of the daytime IOP curve up to 50%. The IOP is higher during sleep. Efficacy of timolol in lowering IOP during the sleep period may be limited. [16] [17] [18] It is a 5–10× more potent beta blocker than ...
Over the last 40 years, a variety of drugs have been developed from non-selective alpha-1 receptor antagonists to selective alpha-1 antagonists and alpha-1 receptor inverse agonists. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The first drug that was used was a non-selective alpha blocker, named phenoxybenzamine and was used to treat BPH. [ 2 ]
Cimetidine was the prototypical histamine H 2 receptor antagonist from which later drugs were developed. Cimetidine was the culmination of a project at Smith, Kline & French (SK&F; now GlaxoSmithKline) by James W. Black, C. Robin Ganellin, and others to develop a histamine receptor antagonist that would suppress stomach acid secretion.