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A group of enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum, known as cytochrome P-450, is the most important family of metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Cytochrome P-450 is not a single enzyme, but rather consists of a closely related family of 50 isoforms ; six of them metabolize 90% of drugs.
Because of this mode of action, most antimetabolites have high cell cycle specificity and can target arrest of cancer cell DNA replication. [7] Anthracyclines are anti-tumor antibiotics that interfere with enzymes involved in copying DNA during the cell cycle. [4] Examples of anthracyclines include: Daunorubicin; Doxorubicin (Adriamycin ...
As they act as antibiotics anthracyclines can reduce the effectiveness of live culture treatments such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for bladder cancer. [58] As they act as myelosuppressors anthracyclines can reduce the effectiveness of vaccines by inhibiting the immune system. [59] Several interactions are of particular clinical importance.
Elevated alkaline phosphatase in patients with cancer normally spans [clarification needed] throughout the bones or liver. Metastases that exist in the lung, breast, prostate, colon, thyroid, and further organs can also enter the liver or bone. [12]
Liver regeneration is the process by which the liver is able to replace damaged or lost liver tissue. The liver is the only visceral organ with the capacity to regenerate. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The liver can regenerate after partial hepatectomy or injury due to hepatotoxic agents such as certain medications, toxins, or chemicals. [ 3 ]
In cases where antibiotics have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibiotic rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. [56]
Rifampicin is the most powerful known inducer of the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system, including isoenzymes CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. [42] It increases metabolism of many drugs [43] and as a consequence, can make them less effective, or even ineffective, by decreasing their levels. [44]
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...