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Vitamin K 2 or menaquinone (MK) (/ ˌ m ɛ n ə ˈ k w ɪ n oʊ n /) is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) and K 3 . K 2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K 1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods .
Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
Vitamin K2 is lauded for a number of important health benefits. But taking too much can be dangerous, health experts say.
Vitamin K2 is also used as a means of treatment for osteoporosis and the polymorphisms of GGCX could explain the individual variation in the response to treatment of vitamin K. [136] Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, legumes, and beans. [137]
The kidney influences the plasma ionized calcium concentration in yet another manner. It processes vitamin D 3 into calcitriol, the active form that is most effective in promoting the intestinal absorption of calcium. This conversion of vitamin D 3 into calcitriol, is also promoted by high plasma parathyroid hormone levels. [24] [26]
Vitamin D is a group of structurally related, fat-soluble compounds responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, along with numerous other biological functions. [1] [2] In humans, the most important compounds within this group are vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol). [2] [3]
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