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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (/ m æ n ˈ d ɛ l ə / man-DEL-ə, [1] Xhosa: [xolíɬaɬa mandɛ̂ːla]; born Rolihlahla Mandela; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.
uMkhonto weSizwe Founder Nelson Mandela Leaders Nelson Mandela Oliver Tambo Walter Sisulu Govan Mbeki Joe Slovo Lennox Lagu Joe Modise Chris Hani Raymond Mhlaba Moses Mabhida Ronnie Kasrils Isaac Lesiba Maphotho Siphiwe Nyanda Godfrey Ngwenya Dates of operation 1961–1993 Merged into SANDF Allegiance ANC SACP Allies Algeria Angola China Cuba East Germany Iran Libya Mozambique North Korea ...
The ban on the party was lifted in 1990 when the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations and individuals were also unbanned, and African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela was released from prison. [7] The CPSA/SACP was a particular target of the governing National Party.
As ANC president (1991–97), Nelson Mandela saw the ANC expand and informally absorb other anti-apartheid groups. The ANC prides itself on being a broad church, [58] and, like many dominant parties, resembles a catch-all party, accommodating a range of ideological tendencies. [59] [60] [61] As Mandela told the Washington Post in 1990:
Mandela also devoted significant effort to refuting the prosecution's charges that he and the ANC had acted under the domination of the Communist Party of South Africa and foreign interests. He likened the alliance between the communists and the ANC to the alliance of the US, Britain and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany.
Sisulu, Mandela, Albert Luthuli, other famous ANC members, Indian Congress, and trade union chiefs' activities were all proscribed under the Suppression of Communism Act. The proscription meant that the headship was restricted to their homes and adjacent areas and they were banned from attending public gatherings.
It allowed the ANC to present itself to the White South African public as a moderate and non-racial interlocutor contrary to their portrayal by the South African government as radical communist Black nationalists. [7] [8] [9] The first less-tentative meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came while P. W. Botha was State ...
In July 1952, 20 or 21 non-white leaders of the campaign, including Mandela, Sisulu, and ANC President Moroka, were charged with violating the Suppression of Communism Act. Judge Franz Rumpff found them guilty of “statutory communism” – it was clear that Moroka, for example, was not ideologically a communist – and suspended their sentences.