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  2. Abegg's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abegg's_rule

    In chemistry, Abegg's rule states that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valence of an element is frequently eight. The rule used a historic meaning of valence which resembles the modern concept of oxidation state in which an atom is an electron donor or receiver. Abegg's rule is sometimes referred to as "Abegg’s law of ...

  3. Goldman equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_equation

    Since the valence has already been accounted for above, the charge q A of each ion in the equation above, therefore, should be interpreted as +1 or -1 depending on the polarity of the ion. There is such a current associated with every type of ion that can cross the membrane; this is because each type of ion would require a distinct membrane ...

  4. Formal charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_charge

    The formal charge is a tool for estimating the distribution of electric charge within a molecule. [1] [2] The concept of oxidation states constitutes a competing method to assess the distribution of electrons in molecules. If the formal charges and oxidation states of the atoms in carbon dioxide are compared, the following values are arrived at:

  5. Valence (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(psychology)

    Valence is an inferred criterion from instinctively generated emotions; it is the property specifying whether feelings/affects are positive, negative or neutral. [2] The existence of at least temporarily unspecified valence is an issue for psychological researchers who reject the existence of neutral emotions (e.g. surprise, sublimation). [2]

  6. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    Two charges are present with a negative charge in the middle (red shade), and a positive charge at the ends (blue shade). In chemistry , polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment , with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.

  7. Cognitive valence theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Valence_Theory

    Negative valence can also thwart healthy dyad growth by heightening the lack of love and care within the dyad. Positive valence acts in a 180 degree fashion as positive feeling promotes growth and strengthens the love and care within the dyad. With positive valence, there can still be risks, but the rewards may outweigh the costs.

  8. Drude model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drude_model

    The scattering centers had a positive charge equivalent to the valence number of the atoms. [Ashcroft & Mermin 1] This similarity added to some computation errors in the Drude paper, ended up providing a reasonable qualitative theory of solids capable of making good predictions in certain cases and giving completely wrong results in others ...

  9. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    Electric charge is a conserved property: the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms ...