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  2. Charge number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_number

    This is a property of specific subatomic atoms. These elements define the electromagnetic contact between the two elements. A chemical charge can be found by using the periodic table. An element's placement on the periodic table indicates whether its chemical charge is negative or positive. Looking at the table, one can see that the positive ...

  3. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    Two charges are present with a negative charge in the middle (red shade), and a positive charge at the ends (blue shade). In chemistry , polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment , with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.

  4. Electronegativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity

    The effect is much larger than could be explained by the negative charge being shared among a larger number of oxygen atoms, which would lead to a difference in pK a of log 10 (1 ⁄ 4) = –0.6 between hypochlorous acid and perchloric acid. As the oxidation state of the central chlorine atom increases, more electron density is drawn from the ...

  5. Charge carrier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier

    There are two recognized types of charge carriers in semiconductors.One is electrons, which carry a negative electric charge.In addition, it is convenient to treat the traveling vacancies in the valence band electron population as a second type of charge carrier, which carry a positive charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron.

  6. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    Electric charge is a conserved property: the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms ...

  7. Formal charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_charge

    Formal charges in ozone and the nitrate anion. In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or q*), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.

  8. Electron counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting

    ionic counting: S 2+ contributes 4 electrons, each chloride anion contributes 2: 4 + 2 × 2 = 8 valence electrons conclusion: see discussion for H 2 S above. Both SCl 2 and H 2 S follow the octet rule - the behavior of these molecules is however quite different. SF 6, for the central S; neutral counting: S contributes 6 electrons, each fluorine ...

  9. Edge states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_states

    Based on the energy eigenvalues, conduction band are the high energy states (E>0) while valence bands are the low energy states (E<0). In some materials, for example, in graphene and zigzag graphene quantum dot, there exists the energy states having energy eigenvalues exactly equal to zero (E=0) besides the conduction and valence bands. These ...