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Some of these were similar to accounting ledger paper. They became known as green sheets or spreadsheets. With the advent of computers in business, estimators began using spreadsheet applications like VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, and Microsoft Excel to duplicate the traditional tabular format, while automating redundant mathematical formulas. [2] [3]
Whether you use Microsoft Office Excel, Google Sheets or Apple Numbers, there’s a free spreadsheet for you. These budgeting templates will give you a head start from simple monthly and yearly ...
Process costing is a type of operation costing which is used to ascertain the cost of a product at each process or stage of manufacture. CIMA defines process costing as "The costing method applicable where goods or services result from a sequence of continuous or repetitive operations or processes. Costs are averaged over the units produced ...
Some people argue that PCM is a synonym for target costing. [1] [2] [3] However, others argue that PCM is different, because target costing is a pricing method, whereas, PCM is focused on the maximum profit or minimum cost of a product, regardless of the price at which the product is sold to the end customer. [4]
LCCA determines the most cost-effective option to purchase, run, sustain or dispose of an object or process, and TCOA is used by managers or buyers to analyze and determine the direct and indirect cost of an item. [1] The term is used in the study of Industrial ecology (IE). The purpose of IE is to help managers make informed decisions by ...
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing method that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. Therefore, this model assigns more indirect costs into direct costs compared to conventional costing.
This is related to an activity rate which is a similar calculation used in activity-based costing. A pre-determined overhead rate is normally the term when using a single, plant-wide base to calculate and apply overhead. Overhead is then applied by multiplying the pre-determined overhead rate by the actual driver units. Any difference between ...
It differs from Process costing in that the flow of costs is tracked by job or batch instead of by process. The distinction between job costing and process costing hinges on the nature of the product and, therefore, on the type of production process: Process costing is used when the products are more homogeneous in nature. [1] Conversely, job ...